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Antibiotics Online (Amoxicillin,Doxycycline;Zithromax;Cipro;Tetracycline;Ampicillin)
Antibiotics Online (Amoxicillin,Doxycycline;Zithromax;Cipro;Tetracycline;Ampicillin)
Antibiotics are natural and synthetic chemicals that destroy bacterial cells and stop the development of infection. In some cases, a doctor may prescribe antibiotics to prevent infection.
Simply put, antibiotics are drugs to fight bacterial infections. They kill bacteria or stop them from multiplying.
Antibiotics are not prescribed for viral infections. The virus has no cell, so the drug has nothing to destroy.
Antibiotics can be used not only systemically (internally) but also locally in the form of ointments, gels, and so on. For example, this is necessary for infections in long-term non-healing ulcers.
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Classification
Antibiotics are divided into two groups by their range of action:
- Specific - kill or stop the reproduction of a specific bacterium: for example, only streptococcus.
- Broad-spectrum - effective against different bacteria.
The classification is much broader by the active substance
- Penicillins - the oldest and most well-known group, most often prescribed for infections. Low toxicity, but with a high risk of allergy. For some infections, protected penicillins are used in combination with clavulanic acid (for example, Amoxiclav). They are more effective against bacteria that are resistant to penicillin.
- Macrolides - are prescribed for diseases of the upper respiratory tract (sinusitis, tonsillitis), for uncomplicated skin infections in children. Very rarely cause allergies, can be prescribed to replace penicillin if it is intolerant.
- Tetracyclines - have a broad spectrum of action, more often inhibit the growth of bacteria than kill.
- Cephalosporins - they are mainly used for infections of the respiratory system and urinary tract, often intravenously. These antibiotics can be dangerous for people who are allergic to penicillins.
- Aminoglycosides - one of the first antibiotics, have a broad spectrum of action. They are very toxic, so they are prescribed mainly for severe systemic infections - when other drugs are ineffective or cannot be used.
- Fluoroquinolones - used against penicillin-resistant streptococci, against gonococci. Fluoroquinolones have many side effects, and they are often contraindicated for children.
- Lincosamides - prescribed for severe forms of respiratory tract infections, bone inflammations, purulent skin infections. Lincosamides are also used to treat staphylococcal infections that are not affected by penicillin.
- Chloramphenicols - have a broad spectrum of action but are toxic to bone marrow. Therefore, this group is used only if other treatment options are ineffective.
- Other antibiotics - everything that is not included in the categories above. These include polypeptide antibiotics (polymyxin B), rifamycins, metronidazole and many others, mostly new drugs.
Features of taking antibiotics. Contraindications and restrictions
Contraindications to antibiotics depend on the specific group of drugs. Most of these drugs cannot be used during pregnancy, breastfeeding, severe liver and kidney dysfunction. But, for example, penicillins and erythromycin are allowed during pregnancy.
Alcohol is prohibited during antibiotic treatment - it results in a double load on the liver. In addition, the doctor may limit the intake of certain drugs that conflict with antibiotics or increase the overall toxicity to the body. Such drugs include anticoagulants (thin the blood), antiviral drugs.
Side effects of antibiotics
Most antibiotics have a very long list of possible side effects. The exact set depends on the active substance. For example, some antibiotics (chloramphenicols and aminoglycosides) are very toxic, others often cause allergies or irritate the gastrointestinal tract.
The most common side effects characteristic of most antibiotics:
- allergic reactions (up to anaphylactic shock);
- dysbacteriosis;
- dyspepsia (indigestion);
- liver and kidney dysfunction.
Why self-treatment with antibiotics is dangerous
An antibiotic for a patient should always be selected by a doctor - he or she also prescribes a treatment regimen. Often, before this, it is necessary to take additional tests that help to accurately identify the pathogen and determine its sensitivity to different antibiotics. This is important because if the wrong drug is chosen, bacteria develop resistance.
Self-changes in the treatment regimen - early cessation of intake or, conversely, longer intake - are dangerous in the same way: the bacteria can develop resistance to the drug. Moreover, this resistance sometimes develops not to one group of drugs but to several (cross-resistance).